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''The Tatler'' was a British literary and society journal begun by Richard Steele in 1709 and published for two years. It represented a new approach to journalism, featuring cultivated essays on contemporary manners, and established the pattern that would be copied in such British classics Addison and Steele's Spectator, Samuel Johnson's Rambler and Idler, Goldsmith's Citizen of the World, and influence essayists as late as Charles Lamb and William Hazlitt. Addison and Steele liquidated the The Tatler in order to make a fresh start with the similar Spectator, and the collected issues of Tatler are usually published in the same volume as the collected Spectator. ==1709 journal== ''Tatler'' was founded in 1709 by Richard Steele, who used the nom de plume "Isaac Bickerstaff, Esquire". This is the first known such consistently adopted journalistic ''persona'',〔Bonamy Dobrée, 1959. ''English Literature in the Early Eighteenth Century 1700–1740'' in series Oxford History of English Literature, pp 77–83.〕 which adapted to the first person, as it were, the 17th-century genre of ''"characters"'', as first established in English by Sir Thomas Overbury and then expanded by Lord Shaftesbury's ''Characteristics'' (1711). Steele's conceit (embodied in the title 'Tatler')was to publish the news and gossip heard in various London coffeehouses (in reality he mixed real gossip with invented stories of his own), and, so he declared in the opening paragraph, to leave the subject of politics to the newspapers,〔"principally intended for the Use of Politick Persons who are so publick-spirited as to neglect their own affairs to look into Transactions of State."〕 while presenting Whiggish views and correcting middle-class manners, while instructing "these Gentlemen, for the most part being Persons of strong Zeal, and weak Intellects...''what to think.''" To assure complete coverage of local gossip, he pretended to place a reporter in each of the city's four most popular coffeehouses, and the text of each issue was subdivided according to the names of these four: accounts of manners and ''mores'' were datelined from White's; literary notes from Will's; notes of antiquarian interest were dated from the Grecian Coffee House; and news items from St. James's Coffee House. The journal was originally published three times a week, and Steele eventually brought in contributions from his literary friends Jonathan Swift and Joseph Addison, though both of them pretended to be writing as Isaac Bickerstaff and authorship was revealed only when the papers were collected in a bound volume. The original ''Tatler'' was published for only two years, from 12 April 1709 to 2 January 1711. A collected edition was published in 1710–11, with the title ''The Lucubrations of Isaac Bickerstaff, Esq.''〔 (''The Tatler'' ), Literary Encyclopaedia 〕 In 1711, Steele and Addison decided to liquidate The Tatler, and co-founded ''The Spectator'' magazine, which used a different persona than Bickerstaff. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tatler (1709 journal)」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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